Bird Saliva Nest: Production, Health & Product Quality

Bird Saliva Nest: Production, health and product quality

Center of Excellence on Swiftlets

FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

Synopsis:

The Bird Saliva Nest industry in Malaysia is rapidly growing due to the demand for EBNs nests world-wide. The Aerodramus fuciphagus species that is found only in the South East Asian region is the main target for the industry. There are limited scientific publications on the Bird Saliva Nest in Malaysia such as their genetics and subspecies delineations, various aspects of quality control, variability of diet of this special species, health status and susceptibility to important avian viruses and other important aspects.
Ongoing research in various areas will benefit the industry and economic importance for Malaysia. Many issues related to the industry and government has been addressed especially on the export of the raw nests, product quality, nitrite issues and market surveys by this group and research collaborators from University National Malaysia, University Malaysia Perlis, SIRIM, University Malaysia Kelantan and University Science Malaysia. Therefore, with regards on the above issues and current and future challanges, UPM has been elected as the Center of Excellence on Swiftlet in 2011 by Ministry of Agriculture and Agro Based Industry.

Bird Saliva Nest: Production, Health & Product Quality

Keywords:

Bird Saliva Nest, health, quality control

Information on Key Researchers:

Professor Datin Paduka Dr Aini Ideris Professor (Leader)
- Avian Medicine Veterinary Clinical Studies (UPM)
Prof Dr Tengku Azmi bin Tengku Ibrahim Professor Dr. Saleha Abdul Aziz - Veterinary Public Health(UPM)
Professor Dr. Jothi Malar Pandandam - Genetic& Breeding Animal Science
Professor Dr. Idris Abd. Ghani
Professor Dr. Abd Salam Babji/ (Nazaruddin Ramli)
Professor Dr. Azhar Kasim - Nutrition Animal Science (Animal Nutrition)
Professor Dr. Rehana Abdullah Sani
Professor Dr. Abdul Rahman Omar
Professor Dr. Shahwahid
Associate Professor Dr Zunita Zakaria
Associate Professor Dr. Jalila Abu - Health and disease Veterinary Clinical Studies (Avian Medicine)
Associate Professor Dr. Hafidzi Mohd Noor - Ecology & Behaviour Plant Protection (Zoology)
Associate Professor Dr Zainab bt Hamzah
Associate Professor Dr Lim Yang Mooi
Dr Hafidzi Mohd Noor
Dr Rashid
Dr Syed Abdul Rahman Al-Haddad Syed Mohamed
Dr Christopher Lim Thiam Seong
Dr Saiful Nizam Tajuddin
Dr Megat Al Imran Bin Yasin
Dr. Lee Ting Hun
Mdm Azizon bt Abdullah
S. Thavamanithevi
Sarifah Rejab

Research Highlights:

Top down research grant from Ministry of Agricultural and Agro Based Industry. Elected UPM as the Centre of Excellence on Swiftlet in 2011.
Research group members headed by section head. In each group, a number of researchers that already well known in their field of research and as expert consultants to government agencies, such as Department of Veterinary Services, Malaysian Department of Plant Protections and Ministry of Health and as well as animal industries. Very strong group of research collaborators all over Malaysia involve in this program with their own niche of experts and disciplines.
Research laboratories of various disciplines which involve in all research areas are available which include the Department of Veterinary Services, Faculty of Agriculture UPM (Department of Animal Science, Department of Plant Protection) and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (Bacteriology and Virology Laboratories).
The networking and linkages include having very strong relationship with Malaysian together with the supports from Department of Veterinary Services to support industry needs and outline of research programs.

Current Projects:

Total budget received: Three Million
Swiftlets Wave Sound Detection, Recognition and Synthesis through Spectrogram Processing.
Interaksi fenologi pokok, kepelbagaian serangga dan burung walit. Effective & Sustainable Ranching: Study on Chemical Interaction Between Floral Scent and Bird Saliva Nest Attraction.
Health And Disease Surveillance On Edible-Nest Swiftlets Aerodermus Spesies.
Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kualiti Tinja Burung Walit Di Malaysia Dan Potensi Penggunannya Untuk Penjanaan Ekonomi.
Evaluation of antiviral properties of Bird Saliva Nest extract against influenze A virus (IAV) infection.
Medicinal Properties, Nutritional Values and Safety Profiles of Bird Saliva Nest.
The development of Bird Saliva Nest downstream products
Optimizing Feeds and Feeding for Edible-Nest Swiftlets.
The Digestive System Of The Swiftlets - An Ultrastructural Study
Penyelidikan dan Penerbitan Dokumentari Burung Walit Ke Persada Dunia
Quality Assessment using Sensor Technology from UniMAP
Compositional Variations of Nitrites, Nutritional, Mineral and Heavy Metal in Raw-clean Bird Saliva Nest : Method Validation
A study on Bird Saliva Nest: Immunomodulation, neuronal differentiation of Mesencymal stem cell and neuronal regeneration capability
Development of Quality Index for Bird Saliva Nest After Cleaning and Processing
The potential of Bird Saliva Nest Extract as Anti-Cancer Agent and Immunoadjuvant on Human Breast Cancer
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Swiflets and Bird Saliva Nest and the Anti-bacterial Properties of Bird Saliva Nest
Parasites of Aerodramus fuciphagus in Perak, Malaysia
Development of multiplex Taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction method for rapid and sensitive authentication of Bird Saliva Nest
Economic analysis of Bird Saliva Nest industry of Malaysia

Completed Projects:

Dr Hafidzi Mohd Noor -
Geographic distribution and ecological roles of distinct subpopulations of Aerodramus fuciphagus in Malaysia. (09/11 - 09/13)
Dr Rashid MARDI -
The study on Marketing and Competitiveness of Malaysian Swiftlet Industry (04/12 - 10/13)
Prof. Dr. Saleha Abdul Aziz UPM -
Evaluation of the Quality of Bird Saliva Nest Produced in Malaysia (09/11 - 09/13)
S. Thavamanithevi SIRIM -
Characterization and Standardization of Bird Saliva Nest - Determination of Sialic Acid (05/11 - 12/13)
Prof Dr Jothi Malar Panandam UPM -
Genetic Characterisation of the Malaysian Bird Saliva Nests (08/11 - 07/13)

Recent Publications:

Bird Saliva Nest Industry Conference 2012 (November 2012):Poster Abstract
1. Chow G .H., Jalila A., Arshad S.S., Tan S. W., Siti Khatijah M., & Ong K. W. Detection Of Newcastle Disease Virus In Edible-Nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus Fuciphagus) Ranched Under An Oil Palm Plantation In Sungkai, Perak, Malaysia
2. Fhaisol M.A., Intan-Shameha A.R., Zuki, A.B.Z., and Azhar K. Gross Morphology Of The Intestine Of Edible Bird Saliva Nest (Aerodramus Fuciphagus) And House Swift (Apus Nipalensis).
3. Derwin M.D.S.A., Arshad S.S., Mehrbod P., Kamaruddin A.I., Bande F., Jalila A. and Fadzilah-A'ini A.K. A Preliminary Study On In Vitro Evaluation Of ANTIVIRAL PROPERTIES OF BIRD SALIVA NEST EXTRACT AGAINST ANIMAL CORONAVIRUS

House Farming of Edible Bird Saliva Nest

Due to the high economic value of Bird Saliva Nest, swiftlets are being reared extensively in man- made houses in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand to increase the production of Bird Saliva Nest. In recent years, the price of Bird Saliva Nest increased drastically due to high consumer demand. This has led to Bird Saliva Nest producers and the Malaysian government to’ make efforts for increasing the production of Bird Saliva Nest through conservation and house farming. In several areas, the conservation of resources has been aided by the domestication of swiftlet species in bird houses.

House farming of swiftlets in Indonesia began in the 18005, and the industry has considerably developed since then. Bird Saliva Nest is cultivated by cross fostering, where the eggs of the white bellied swiftlets are replaced with the eggs of Bird Saliva Nest producing swiftlets, thus establishing a new population of Bird Saliva Nest producing swiftlets. While populations of the cave Bird Saliva Nest swiflets have been declining due to over exploitation of their nests, rapidly growing house farming of the Bird Saliva Nests has given them a sigh of relief.

The Government of Malaysia under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI, formerly known as Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment) together with the Wild Life Department of Malaysia (PERHILITAN) have recently begun encouraging the general public to venture into the very lucrative Bird Saliva Nest industry.
Over the years, a lot of conservation workshops and laws have been implemented in Bird Saliva Nest producing countries to raise the production of Bird Saliva Nest. However, the research on the house-collected Bird Saliva Nest is scarce as the previously researched samples have been mostly obtained from the caves in Indonesia.

Bird Premise or Bird Saliva Nest Ranching

The most interesting thing about these swiftlets are their nests. They construct nests with glutinous strands of starch-like saliva produced by a pair of large, salivary glands and thereafter mate and breed their young ones.
It is the nest material that gives them an upper hand over the rest of the Bird Saliva Nest in the world. The nest looks like a cupped hand or a crescent shaped bowl about 3-5 inches in diameter. The flat side is stuck to a wall (a cave wall in wild nest, or a wooden base in cultivated/house nest) and other side of the nest is a place for them to perch, and within the hollow of the nest are either their eggs or their chicks.

The Bird Saliva Nest industry is a multi-million dollar enterprise from production, sorting, and cleaning to domestic and international trade. According to a survey in December 2001, approximately 1000 buildings/houses cultivating Bird Saliva Nest in Malaysia were reported. The houses produced not less than 10 tons per year (cultivated white Bird Saliva Nest/house nest) while the world demand is 200 tons per year. The demand is still growing but the supply is only able to fulfill half of the demand, which kept the price ever increasing.
Basically, a bird house is a building with artificially created conditions similar to a swiftlet dwelling cave. It is able to attract swiftlets so that they live and breed in it.
In designing a bird house, care should be taken of physical and behavioral needs of birds, human treatment and animal management, human safety, and government rules and regulations.

Physical and Behavioral Needs of Birds

Most of the bird farmers concentrate only on the bird house construction for attracting birds into the houses. This is by far the most important factor in controlling or affecting the bird population in the house. However, it would be better to give consideration to other factors as well prior to the selection of the bird house location. These factors include the swiftlet’s flight path, its population at the specific area, nearest source for food and water and environment assets.
The most important factor is whether the selected area has the particular specie of birds as part of ecosystem. If the area has any of the birds flying through, it would be good. However, if the selected area is quite far away from the bird’s habitat area, it may not be a good choice. Furthermore, the birds can be attracted to the bird house by using a special bird recording sound.
After a particular area is selected, surrounding factors also need a serious consideration. It is also important to find out if the environmental factors in the area under consideration are not supporting. If there is any factory or industry producing heavy toxic materials, smoke or even noise, it is better to avoid that area. Besides, it is quite beneficial to have the presence of supporting factors such as river, pond, forest reserve and open field nearby the selected area.

Human Treatment and Animal Management

Once the selection of the location is made, it is important to plan a bird house or convert a shop house into bird farming premises (bird house). At this stage, human treatment and animal management concerns are very crucial.
The information on building bird houses can be obtained through farming magazines, newspaper advertisements or bird farming association. Expert services are available which can provide guidance in building or converting the shop lot into bird house.
The expert credentials are being emphasized when the potential clients are shown a previously constructed successful bird house producing adequate amount of nests. However, most of the experts’ advice on account of their experiences without concrete finding, studies or research. The behavior of birds is scarcely studied as there are only a few publications on the bird’s behavior.
There are no records on how many birds were to return their house if they were to hatch. Also no data are available on how many times these birds fly back to their nest daily. Besides, the factor of importance is the bird’s willingness to stay back into the origin house or chose a new house for their nest building. However, people have been successfully attracting birds into a house and harvesting Bird Saliva Nest.
Human beings must always treat birds as their companions without staying too close to them. Birds must be given privacy, secured environment and enough comfort to nest their next generation. Environmental guidelines should be followed while applying pesticides and treating the waste of birds. Besides, a great deal of efforts is often required in maintaining the integrity of the nests.
One of the most serious risks associated with bird’s life in the bird house is the theft of their nests. The thief breaks into the bird house and harvest the nests on behalf of the owners. It is a very cruel and off human act to steal nests from the house, as the thief never considers the life of the chicks and eggs in the nest and just drops them on the floor, making this helpless creature to die slowly and with a great deal of torture. Therefore, the bird house owners must consider the security structure and system to secure their wealth and also their wealth creating partners, the swiftlets.

Human Safety and Government Rules and Regulation

There has never been so much emphasis on human safety during nest cultivation. This has totally been a neglected fact in the pursuit for maximum profit. Although surveillance test conducted by the Department of Veterinary Services from the year 2000 have shown negative results for Newcastle Disease, Avian Influenza or Bird Flu H5N1, there is still risk of getting this viruses.
There is a misconception that these birds do not share the same water source with other birds or animals. In reality, they take water from ponds and rivers by flying low on the water surface and occasionally scoping up a sip of liquid. This is particularly true during hot weather and after a long draught. Therefore, it would be wise to take precautions while making entry and exit from the bird house by putting up safety devices to ensure such viruses and other pesticide do not enter or exit from the bird house. There should be contingency plans in the event of an outbreak to segregate people from the birds. However, till now, there is yet to find any example of this setup in any of the bird houses in Malaysia, Thailand, or Indonesia or anywhere else in the world.
The Malaysian government has not given any clear guidelines as to the setting-up of bird houses in Malaysia. Therefore, commercial shop houses have been converted into bird houses with people running restaurants downstairs. Some of the bird house have residents who live there to safeguard their asset. The establishment of bird houses in a residential area might have associated health risks. There are no guidelines and regulations available whether or not bird farming can be done in housing are or in the middle of the town centre. Care needs to be taken of the children who are sick and coughing when such premises are built around your area. However, the only guideline published by one of the government agencies has discussed noise pollution and the ugly structure leaving the township, an eyesore.
Swiftlets Eco Park by Bio Research Centre is the one particular development where specific areas and premises were selected to build and farm swiftlets. It is the first and the only one in Malaysia which the government has approved so far. This is an opportunity for all the potential bird farmers to buy one of these premises and start cultivating Bird Saliva Nests without worrying about the rules and regulations and other annoying factors.

Economic Factors of a Bird House

To go into the nest business, choose a good location, build a house, install all necessary facilities to attract birds and start harvesting. All these processes need an investment ranging from RM 300,000-RM 500,000 depending on the location and size of the building. This investment will generate a good and progressive income over the years, while the owner maintains his full time job. This business can be done by everyone. Suppose by having a harvest of 110 to 130 nests that make up to l kg of the market price of RM 4,000-RM 6,000 every month after one or two years. The investment will increase by 30 to 100% where most of the cases are. That is why this is the business of what everyone is talking about.
The funny part in the whole business is how to grade a raw Bird Saliva Nest. Normally, all the bird farmers sell to a middle man by evaluation through experience and making further negotiations on the price. They evaluate the size, color, impurity (bird’s feather) and shape (strait or angle), but have little concern on moisture, integrity, pesticide or heavy metal content. This is extremely unacceptable as Bird Saliva Nest is considered as a tonic and most of the time it is consumed by elderly, youth and expecting mothers.

Future Development of a Bird House

Future development of bird houses depends upon the government moves. It is certain that this industry will not stop here. It is expected to continue its growth due to the lucrative returns. However, more stringent rules and regulations must be installed to reduce or nullify the degree of hazards brought about by this industry. Also, adding a system of taxation into this multi-million industry will be a positive move. The newly licensed bird houses will be in great demand due to two reasons. One of the reasons is that the shop houses converted into bird houses are off welcoming by the public, and the other is the stress of the fear that government may start demolishing the previously established shop houses sometime in the future.